Want to cite, share, or modify this book? This book is Creative Commons Attribution License4.0 and you must attribute OpenStax.Attribution information.If you are redistributing all or part of this book in a print format,then you must include on every physical page the following attribution:Access for free at you are redistributing all or part of this book in a digital format,then you must include on every digital page view the following attribution:Access for free atCitation information.Use the information below to generate a citation. We recommend using acitation tool such as.Authors: Paul Peter Urone, Roger Hinrichs.Publisher/website: OpenStax.Book title: College Physics.Publication date: Jun 21, 2012.Location: Houston, Texas.Book URL:.Section URL:© Jan 16, 2020 OpenStax. Textbook content produced by OpenStax is licensed under aCreative Commons Attribution License 4.0 license. The OpenStax name, OpenStax logo, OpenStax bookcovers, OpenStax CNX name, and OpenStax CNX logo are not subject to the Creative Commons license and maynot be reproduced without the prior and express written consent of Rice University.

Projectile Motion Introduction In this lab you will study the motion of a freely-falling projectile, namely a small plastic sphere.Projectile motion, for our purposes, is the motion of an object that has been launched and then issubject to only the force of gravity and the force of air friction. The Newtonian mechanics principlesthat you have been studying allow you to predict this type of motion quite well. You will perform twoexperiments to aid your understanding of these principles, which will be described later in the lab.Since there is the small but real possibility of causing injury to yourself or another person, pleasefollow all safety guidelines and common sense safety rules. Time-of-flight vs. Initial Velocity The purpose of this experiment is to determine whether the time-of-flight of a ball launchedhorizontally off the table varies as the initial velocity is varied. A ball launched horizontally from a table of height h has no initial velocity in the verticaldirection, so the ball should take the same amount of time to reach the ground as a ball that dropsfrom rest from the same height.

A projectile is any object that is given an initial velocity and then follows a path determined entirely by gravity. In this lesson, we will introduce projectile motion and touch on a few key.

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The kinematic equation. Figure 2 To predict the range of the projectile when it is shot off a table at some angle above thehorizontal, it is necessary first to determine the initial speed (muzzle velocity) of the ball. The initialvelocity of the ball is determined by shooting it, at the appropriate angle, through 2 photogates thatare placed near the muzzle and only a few centimeters apart from each other. Then the initial velocitycan be used to calculate where the ball will land when it is shot at some angle θ. Initial velocity: The photogates are approximately 10 centimeters apart (measure directly toconfirm this).

A Smart Timer can be used to measure the time the ball takes to travel between thesetwo gates. The average speed between the gates can then be calculated from v = (10 cm)/time.

Time-of-flight and range: To predict the total time-of-flight, you can use the vertical y-componentof the initial velocity along with the initial and final y-coordinates of the ball. To predictthe range, you can use the total time-of-flight and the x-component of the initial velocity. You will derive these two equations, one for the range and one for the total time-of-flight, beforeyou actually perform the experiment. Then, you will calculate values for the range and time-of-flightusing your equations. After you calculate the expected values, you will perform the experiment to seeif you calculated correctly!

Procedure General Operation of the Projectile Launcher. Caution:When the projectile launcher is loaded, a yellow indicator is visible in one of the range slots in theside of the barrel and the ball is visible in another one of the slots in the side of the barrel. As with allprojectile launching mechanisms, NEVER LOOK DOWN THE BARREL WHEN IT ISLOADED. To check to see if the launcher is loaded, always check the side of the barrel.Before shooting the ball, make certain no one is in its flight path.

To shoot the ball, pull straightup on the string that is attached to the trigger. It is only necessary to pull it about a centimeter. Time-of-flight vs. Initial Velocity Equipment Set-Up The launchers should be set up when you arrive; do not adjust the placement of the launchersunless instructed to do so by your TA.

Each launcher should be clamped to the edge of a lab benchand aimed so that the ball will land on the floor without hitting any other lab groups. 4 Turn on the Smart Timer and select Time and Two Gates mode. Press the Start button on theSmart Timer, and an asterisk (.) should appear indicating that the device is ready to collectdata. Now, as the ball leaves the muzzle of the launcher, it signals the timer to start timingwhen it passes through the first gate. When it lands on the time-of-flight plate, a secondsignal is sent to the timer that tells it to stop. The time recorded is the time-of-flight.Note: If the timer does not start, the photogate beam may be blocked by the launcher, in whichcase the bracket should be moved outward so that the first photogate is just beyond the front endof the launcher.

4 Test fire the ball to determine where to place the time-of-flight plate. Put the time-of-flightplate on the floor where the ball lands. Make sure it hits ONLY in the white area on the plateand that the path of the ball is parallel to the longest side of the white area. Practice andpatience are required to ensure that the ball accurately lands on the pad and the time of flightis properly recorded.Whenever you launch a ball, position one member of your lab group ready to catch the ballafter it lands to avoid losing the ball or interfering with other students in the room. 3 Launch the ball five times at 30°, and record the time-of-flight each time. To find the rangefor each trial, use a plumb bob to find the point on the floor that is directly beneath the releasepoint of the ball marked on the barrel of the launcher ( there is a diagram of the ball on theside of the launcher that shows the release point).

Measure the horizontal distance from thepoint on the floor beneath the release point to each of the five landing points. If you need tomove the plate between launches, remember to record the necessary range values first!Target Challenge (optional) For an additional challenge, your TA may place a target or basket at a specified point for youto try to hit.

Use your equations to determine an appropriate launch setting to score a hit! Analysis Time-of-flight vs. Initial Velocity.

2 Compare your predicted and measured ranges and flight times. Do they agree within theexperimental uncertainties? If not, explain why there is a discrepancy.Discussion Did the time-of-flights for part one change with the initial velocity?

Discuss the differencesbetween your predicted and experimental results for both the range and time-of-flight. Is thereagreement to within the uncertainties? If not, explain. Which is more significant for this lab:random or systematic errors? How can you tell? What do you believe is the primary source ofuncertainty in this experiment?

What would you do differently to improve your results? Howsignificant is air resistance for this experiment? Use your experimental results to estimate themaximum relative error introduced by this factor.Copyright © 2011 Advanced Instructional Systems, Inc. And the University of North Carolina.